Table 1
Dissolved oxygen (DO, mg l−1), dissolved CO2 (mg l−1), dissolved H2S (mM), and concentration of elements (mg l−1, mean ± SD) in the water of experimental microcosms under different treatments (n = 3).
| C | R | HR | RW | HRW | F(4,10) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DO (mg l−1) | 6.0 ± 0.5a* | 0 ± 0b | 0 ± 0b | 5.7 ± 0.3a | 5.3 ± 0.3a | 273.5 | <0.01 |
| CO2 (mg l−1) | 6.0 ± 0.4a | 14.6 ± 3.6b | 34.2 ± 3.1c | 7.7 ± 0.4a | 7.9 ± 0.7a | 86.5 | <0.01 |
| H2S (mM) | 0 ± 0a | 0.03 ± 0.0b | 0.04 ± 0.0c | 0.00 ± 0.0a | 0.00 ± 0.0a | 71.35 | <0.01 |
| pH | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 2.4 | <0.1 |
| Ca | 5.2 ± 0.3c | 22.2 ± 1.2b | 57.1 ± 1.4a | 22.3 ± 0.8b | 51.4 ± 3.8a | 398.6 | <0.01 |
| Mg | 8.2 ± 0.8c | 15.1 ± 0.6b | 25.7 ± 3.4a | 14.4 ± 0.6b | 23.4 ± 2.0a | 44.6 | <0.01 |
| K | 1.0 ± 0.2b | 2.5 ± 0.5a | 2.6 ± 0.3a | 2.3 ± 0.3a | 2.6 ± 0.26a | 12.1 | <0.01 |
| Fe | 2.3 ± 0.03c | 10.4 ± 1.2b | 16.4 ± 2.5a | 9.7 ± 1.6b | 15.8 ± 1.5a | 53.6 | <0.01 |
| Cu | 0.1 ± 0.0c | 0.4 ± 0.1b | 0.6 ± 0.0a | 0.4 ± 0.05b | 0.6 ± 0.03a | 54.0 | <0.01 |
| Zn | 0.1 ± 0.0b | 0.2 ± 0.1b | 0.8 ± 0.1a | 0.2 ± 0.03b | 0.8 ± 0.05a | 59.4 | <0.01 |
| Mn | 0.2 ± 0.0c | 3.7 ± 0.3b | 4.3 ± 0.0a | 3.6 ± 0.07b | 4.6 ± 0.12a | 141.5 | <0.01 |
| Pb (μg l−1) | 0.04 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | 0.04 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.0 | 1.5 | <0.2 |
| Cd (μg l−1) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.062 ± 0.03 | 2.9 | <0.1 |
| TP | 0.5 ± 0.13c | 2.3 ± 0.3b | 3.1 ± 0.1a | 2.4 ± 0.00b | 2.7 ± 0.00a | 59.9 | <0.01 |
| NH4-N | 0.07 ± 0c | 0.29 ± 0.08b | 0.52 ± 0.07a | 0.30 ± 0.07b | 0.50 ± 0.06a | 82.1 | <0.01 |
Different superscripts in the same row indicate significant differences among treatments; the same superscript letter as the control indicates no significant differences. Different lowercase letters indicate significantly different values analyzed with an ANOVA followed by a Tukey's test; P < 0.05.
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