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Table 1
Environmental differences between aquatic and terrestrial habitats and related plant adaptations. CAM − crassulacean acid metabolism, C3, C4–photosynthesis types.
| Parameter | Aquatic environment characteristics | Adaptations of submerged plants | Terrestrial environment characteristics | Adaptations of terrestrial plants |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Media density | 999.1 kg/(m3) water at 15°C) | flexible shoots, well developed aerenchyma, ribbon-like or dissected leaves |
1.22 kg/m³ (air at 15°C, at sea level) | stiff shoots with little sclerenchyma |
| Radiation | quality and quantity decrease with depth, R/F R* increases with water depth | high specific leaf area, in some cases chloroplasts present in the epidermal layer, more photosynthetic pigments per DM |
from full sunlight to deep shade, R/FR decreases as passing through plant stand |
thicker leaves and cuticle, trichomes, less photosynthetic pigments per DM |
| Temperature | high water specific heat capacity, cca. 4184 J/kg K (at 20°C), higher thermal stability |
no specific adaptations | low air specific heat capacity cca. 1 J/kg K at (20°C), thermal instability of environment |
thick cell walls, cuticle, trichomes, transpiration, succuence, heat shock proteins, CAM,.... |
| Metabolic gases availability | 0.03% CO2,0.66% O2 ** | aerenchyma, high area/volume ratio aerial leaves CCMs, HCO3 as a C source |
0.04% CO2, 21% 02, | CO2 as a carbon source O2 present in excess uptake of gases via active stomata regulation |
| Gas diffusion velocity | 1 | hydrosoil CO2 use for photosynthesis, photosynthetic O₂ use for respiration |
10.000 | C3, C4 or CAM photosynthesis |
| Nutrient availability | from water column and from water in sediment | from soil through roots, in some cases from water via the whole plant surface, minor support of mycorrhizal fungi, active mass transport through plant, acropetal transport |
from soil water | from soil water via roots, significant support of mycorrhizal fungi |
| Water availability | no limitations | acropetal transport of water | variable, could be limited | from the soil via roots, significant support of mycorrhizal fungi, controlled release of water through transpiration via stomata and passive release via the cuticle and periderm |
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