Comparisons of indicators measured in the anti-predator behavioral experiment. (a) Mean (±S.E.) time spent in the risky area by wild and hatchery-reared fish across eight replicates (n = 5 fish per trail). (b) Mean (±S.E.) shoal cohesion (aggregation index) of wild and hatchery-reared fish across eight replicates. (c) Mean (±S.E.) inspection rate (number of fish facing the predator) of wild and hatchery-reared fish across eight replicates. Asterisks above bars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) after post hoc tests. (d) Mean (±S.E.) survival rate of wild and hatchery-reared fish after a predation event across six replicates. Asterisks above bars indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between groups.