Diversity and distribution of the Macrothrix paulensis species group (Crustacea: Cladocera: Macrothricidae) in the tropics: what can we learn from the morphological data?

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Table 1

Comparison between Macrothrix paulensis-like species (based on original data and Sars, 1916; Harding, 1955; Idris and Fernando, 1981b; Ciros-Pérez and Elías-Gutiérrez, 1997; Dumont et al., 2002; Kotov and Hollwedel, 2004; Kotov et al., 2005, 2010; Garfias-Espejo et al., 2007).

Feature	Macrothrix paulensis (Sars, 1900)	Macrothrix atahualpa Brehm, 1936	Macrothrix sioli (Smirnov, 1982)	Macrothrix brandorffi Kotov and Hollwedel, 2004	Macrothrix odiosa Gurney, 1916	Macrothrix capensis (Sars, 1916)	Macrothrix pholpunthini Kotov, Maiphae and Sanoamuang, 2005	Macrothrix agsensis Dumont, Silva-Briano and Subash Babu, 2002	Macrothrix malaysiensis Idris and Fernando, 1981	Macrothrix smirnovi Ciros-Pérez and Elías-Gutiérrez, 1997	Macrothrix australiensis sp. nov.
Distribution	The New World (from Argentina to Florida)	The New World (high mountain water bodies of Peru, Bolivia, North Argentina and Chile)	The New World (Brazil, known only from several localities)	The New World (Brazil, known only from type locality)	Tropical regions of the Old World (Africa, South and Southeast Asia)	The Old World (known only from the Republic of South Africa)	The Old World (South and Southeast Asia)	The New World (few localities in Mexican Plateau and close territories)	The Old World (? known only from Malaysia)	The New World (few localities in Mexican Plateau and close territories)	Australia
1. Parthenogenetic female:
Maximum length	Up to 1.47 mm	Up to 1.15 mm	Up to 1.01 mm	Up to 1.12 mm	Up to 1.03 mm	Up to 1.3 mm	Up to 1.01 mm	Up to 0.8 mm	0.89 mm	0.9 mm	Up to 1.00 mm
Posterodorsal angle of body	Smooth	Smooth	Large triangular spine	Triangular spine	Smooth	Smooth	Large triangular spine	Smooth	Small triangular spine	Smooth	Smooth
Dorsum	Not elevated significantly above head	Not elevated significantly above head	Elevated above head	Not elevated significantly above head	Not elevated significantly above head	Not elevated significantly above head	Elevated above head	Not elevated significantly above head	Not elevated significantly above head	Not elevated significantly above head	Not elevated significantly above head
Serration on dorsum	Not expressed	Not expressed	Present	Not expressed	Not expressed	Not expressed	Present	Not expressed	Not expressed	Not expressed	Not expressed
Head pore	Projected under level of head	On the level of head	On the level of head	Projected under level of head	On the level of head	On the level of head	On the level of head	On the level of head	On the level of head	On the level of head	On the level of head
Ventral head margin	Without projection	Inflated	With projection	Without projection	With projection	With projection	With projection	With a slight projection	With projection	Inflated	With a slight projection
Labrum	Large triangular	Large triangular	Large triangular	Large triangular	Large triangular	of moderate length, with rounded apical portion	Large triangular	of moderate length, with rounded apical portion	Large triangular	Large triangular	of moderate length, with rounded apical portion
Postabdominal anal flaps	Not prominent	Not prominent	Not prominent	Not prominent	Prominent	Not prominent	Prominent	Not prominent	Not prominent	Not prominent	Not prominent
Armature of anal margin of postabdomen	Long hairs and fine denticles	Fine denticles	Fine denticles	Long hairs and fine denticles	Fine denticles	Fine denticles	Fine denticles	Fine denticles	Fine denticles	Fine denticles	Fine denticles
Distal segment of postabdominal seta	Short	Relatively long	Short	Short	Short	Short	Short	Short	Relatively long	Relatively long	Short
Armature of inner side of antenna I	With a row of robust large denticles	With a row of bunches of gracile long denticles	With a row of robust large denticles	With a row of small denticles	With a row of robust large denticles	With a row of bunches of gracile long denticles	With a row of robust large denticles	With a row of bunches of gracile long denticles	With a row of robust large denticles	With a row of bunches of gracile long denticles	With a row of bunches of gracile short denticles
Two contiguous denticles near the base of antenna I	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Present	Absent	Absent
Armature of proximal endopod segment seta of antenna II	A row of robust denticles	A row of robust denticles alternating with stiff setules	A row of robust denticles alternating with stiff setules	A row of robust denticles	A row of robust denticles alternating with stiff setules	A row of robust denticles	A row of robust denticles alternating with stiff setules	Only small setules	A row of robust denticles	A row of robust denticles alternating with stiff setules	A row of robust denticles alternating with stiff setules
Spine on the second exopod segment of antenna II	Shorter than 1/3 length of third exopod segment	1/2 length of third exopod segment	Shorter than 1/3 length of third exopod segment	Shorter than 1/3 length of third exopod segment	Shorter than 1/3 length of third exopod segment	1/2 length of third exopod segment	Shorter than 1/3 length of third exopod segment	About 1/3 length of third exopod segment	Shorter than 1/3 length of third exopod segment	1/2 length of third exopod segment	About 1/3 length of third exopod segment
Number of ejector hooks on thoracic limb I	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook	Unstudied	A single ejector hook	A single ejector hook
Soft seta between scraper 4 and 5 on thoracic limb II	Absent	Especially large	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Absent	Unstudied	Especially large	Absent
Ratio between setae 3 and 2 on exopodite of thoracic limb III	Seta 3 about in two times longer than seta 2	Seta 3 and seta 2 subequal in size	Seta 3 about in two times longer than seta 2	Seta 3 about in two times longer than seta 2	Seta 3 about in two times longer than seta 2	Seta 3 and seta 2 subequal in size	Seta 3 about in four times longer than seta 2	Seta 3 and seta 2 subequal in size	Unstudied	Seta 3 and seta 2 subequal in size	Seta 3 and seta 2 subequal in size
Ratio between setae 2 and 1 on exopodite of thoracic limb IV	Seta 2 slightly longer than seta 1	Seta 2 and seta 1 subequal in size	Seta 2 slightly longer than seta 1	Seta 2 significantly (about in seven times) longer than seta 1	Seta 2 in two times longer than seta 1	Seta 2 and seta 1 subequal in size	Seta 2 in three times longer than seta 1	Seta 2 and seta 1 subequal in size	Unstudied	Seta 2 and seta 1 subequal in size	Seta 2 and seta 1 subequal in size
Number of soft setae on posterior face of limb IV inner distal portion	Five	Five	Five	Five	Five	Five	Five	Five	Unstudied	Five	Five

2. Male:
Position of male seta on antenna I	Male seta located at distance 1/4 of antenna I length from the apex	Male seta located in middle of antennular body	Unstudied	Male seta located at distance 1/4 of antenna I length from the apex	Male seta and sensory seta located on the same level (at distance 1/4 of antenna I length from its base)	Male seta is located in the middle of antennular body	Male seta and sensory seta located on the same level (at distance 1/4 of antenna I length from its base)	Male seta located in middle of antennular body	Unstudied	Male seta located in middle of antennular body	Male seta located in middle of antennular body

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